Multi-functional energy storage system for supporting solar PV
The main constraints present on a BESS are the battery state of charge (SOC) limits and the apparent power maximum output limit of the power converter: S ≤ Smax ∣ S = P 2 + Q 2 where S is the apparent power of the converter, P is the real power, and Q is the reactive power. The real power output of the BESS must also be constrained within the battery real