Aluminium–air batteries (Al–air batteries) produce electricity from the reaction of oxygen in the air with aluminium. They have one of the highest energy densities of all batteries, but they are not widely used because of problems with high anode cost and byproduct removal when using traditional electrolytes. This has. The oxidation is Al + 3OH → Al(OH) 3 + 3e +2.31 V. The reduction half-reaction is O 2 + 2H 2O + 4e → 4OH +0.40 V. The total reaction is 4Al + 3O 2 + 6H 2O → 4Al(OH) 3 +2.71 V. IssuesAluminium as a "fuel" for vehicles has been studied by Yang and Knickle. In 2002, they concluded: The Al/air battery system can generate enough energy and power for driving ranges and acceleration. • • • Aluminium (Al) has been widely used as an anode material in metal-air batteries due to its high energy density, recyclability, and abundance. However, challenges with Al anodes include corrosion and passivation. Impurities in commercially available. • • • • •.